Additive manufacturing,quasi-static and dynamic compressive behaviours of ceramic lattice structures

Ceramic lattice structures (CLSs) are used for construction in common and extreme environments because of the extraordinary properties of ceramics. In this study, we designed and additively manufactured CLSs with distinct structural parameters to explore their quasi-static and dynamic compressive behaviours in detail. It was demonstrated that both the relative density (?ρ) and inclination angle (ω) had a significant impact on the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of the CLSs. Furthermore, the mathematical relationships between the quasi-static compressive properties, including quasi-static compressive strength (QS), quasi-static Young’s modulus (QY), and quasi-static energy absorption (QE), versus ?ρ and ω obeyed the Gibson–Ashby and Deshpande and Fleck models, respectively. It was revealed by experiment and simulation that as the stiffness increased, the quasi-static failure mode of the CLSs changed from a parallel-vertical-inclined mixed mode to a parallel-vertical mode. In addition, the relationship between the dynamic mechanical properties of the CLSs versus ?ρ and ω also followed the Gibson–Ashby and Deshpande and Fleck models. The exceptional dynamic increase factor indicated that CLSs are highly suitable for extreme environments. These findings will aid in the research and development of customised additively manufactured CLSs.     

含水率对砂岩动态拉伸强度的影响

工程中的岩石具有不同的含水性，研究不同含水率岩石动态力学性质的变化规律，对岩石工程的设计和建设具有很强的指导意义。为研究不同含水率对砂岩动态拉伸强度的影响，利用霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验装置对不同含水率试样进行了一系列动态巴西劈裂试验，研究了不同含水率砂岩在不同加载率条件下的动态拉伸强度变化规律。试验结果表明：岩石的动态拉伸强度随着加载率的增加而增加，其率相关性与含水率有关，饱和试样的率相关性较强，而干燥岩石的动态强度对加载率的变化不敏感。当加载率较低时，岩石的拉伸强度随着含水率的增加而降低；当加载率较高时，由于水的Stefan效应，水对岩石裂纹产生抗力，阻碍其扩展，导致岩石强度增加，饱和试样的动态拉伸强度出现高于非饱和试样强度的现象。     

基于“天空地”一体化技术的安全监测系统建设与应用

西藏江达县白格村金沙江右岸于2018年10月11日和2018年11月3日先后发生2次大规模滑坡—堰塞湖堵江事件,溃堰洪水对下游拉哇库区不良地质体的稳定性造成不同程度的影响。为保障下游水电站建设安全,对拉哇库区主要不良地质体建立了基于星载InSAR技术、无人机技术和地面传感器实时监测的“天空地”一体化监测预警体系,以多维空间采集技术获取变形信息,通过智能监控平台对信息及时进行处理、分析和可视化呈现,利用平台、短信等方式向相关人员进行分级告警,取得了较好的应用效果。     

High stability superhydrophobic glass-ceramic surface with micro–nano hierarchical structure

Inspired by the surface structure of lotus leaves, micro–nano hierarchical surface structures have been widely used for designing superhydrophobic surfaces. However, the conventionally designed superhydrophobic surface structures are fragile. In this study, a layer of micron-sized mullite whiskers was grown using molten salt on the surface of BaAl₂Si₂O₈ (BAS) glass ceramics. Subsquently, SiO₂ nanoparticles modified with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane were sprayed onto the whisker layer to form a superhydrophobic surface. The nanoparticles exhibit superhydrophobicity, which is protected by the whisker layer containing pores and bulges. This prohibits direct contact between the nanoparticles and external objects. Contact and rolling angle tests indicated that the surface contact angle of the micro–nano hierarchical structure is 158° and the rolling angle is less than 10°. The stability of the superhydrophobic surface was tested through ultraviolet light, long-time immersion in solutions with various pH values, water scouring, and sandpaper abrasion. The results showed that the contact angle is greater than 150°. This study is expected to provide a simple and effective method for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces on ceramics on a large scale.     

基于BIM+GIS的大坝安全监测信息可视化展示技术研究

为了解决传统大坝监测信息三维可视化程度低,展示不够直观、形象等问题,采用BIM+GIS技术,将监测信息展示从传统二维空间拓展到三维空间。对BIM建模、模型轻量化、三维可视化展示以及系统功能设计进行了研究,通过在桃源水电站的应用实例表明,BIM+GIS技术能够实现大坝安全监测信息三维可视化展示,展示效果更为形象、生动,具有广泛应用前景。     

Mechanical and thermal properties and microstructural evolution of Ta-doped Nb4AlC3

(Nb_1-xTa_x)₄AlC₃ (x = 0–0.5) ceramics were prepared by the hot press sintering method. The XRD results show that the second phase (Nb_1-xTa_x)C is formed when the Ta content increases to 25 mol%. The SEM micrographs show that (Nb_1-xTa_x)C has a core/rim structure, whose formation mechanism was also investigated. Substituting some Ta for Nb can significantly improve the mechanical properties of Nb₄AlC₃. (Nb_0.75Ta_0.25)₄AlC₃ exhibits an excellent fracture toughness of 8.3 ± 0.3 MPa m^1/2 at room temperature (RT). The highest Young's modulus (349 ± 16 GPa) and Vickers hardness (4.5 ± 0.3 GPa) at RT are exhibited by the (Nb_0.5Ta_0.5)₄AlC₃ sample, which correlate to increases of 18% and 80%, respectively, compared with those of Nb₄AlC₃. The flexural strengths of (Nb_0.5Ta_0.5)₄AlC₃ are 439 ± 18 MPa at RT and 344 ± 22 MPa at 1100 °C, which correlate to increases of 27% and 45%, respectively, compared with those of Nb₄AlC₃. The solid solution of Ta and the formation of (Nb_1-xTa_x)C are beneficial to the strengthening of Nb₄AlC₃. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) increases slightly from 7.08 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ for Nb₄AlC₃ to 7.24 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ for (Nb_0.75Ta_0.25)₄AlC₃ at 25–1400 °C. The thermal conductivity of (Nb_0.75Ta_0.25)₄AlC₃ (28.4–29.8 W/m·K) is higher than that of Nb₄AlC₃ (18.1–21.2 W/m·K) over the whole test range (25–1000 °C). Owing to their excellent mechanical and thermal properties, Ta-doped Nb₄AlC₃ ceramics have good potential as structural materials.     

Microanalysis of supersaturated gas release based on wall-attached bubbles

Supersaturation of dissolved gases in natural water, due to spillage from high dams and other factors, may cause fish mortality. In previous experiments, the dissipation coefficient has been used to denote the degassing process of total dissolved gas(TDG) saturation. These experiments mainly analyzed supersaturated TDG dissipation from a macroscopic view. To precisely clarify the mechanism of supersaturated TDG release, this study investigated bubble adsorption at a wall surface from a microscopic view. The experiment was conducted in a Plexiglas-wall container filled with supersaturated TDG water. A model that calculates the adsorption flux of supersaturated TDG by a solid wall, and helps describe construction for a contact angle at a three-phase intersection, was developed according to Young's equation. This model was used to investigate the formation process of bubbles adsorbed on a solid polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) surface in supersaturated TDG water. The adsorption effect of a solid wall on TDG release was analyzed based on the experimental data. The modeling results were compared with observations under different wall area conditions, and it was found that TDG release tended to increase with wall area. This study helps improve our understanding of the mechanisms of supersaturated TDG release and provides an important theoretical method for accurate calculation of the release process. The adsorption flux model of the solid wall provides mitigation measures to combat the adverse effects of TDG supersaturation,which will be beneficial to the protection of aquatic organisms in hydropower-regulated rivers.     

皮革含铬废水处理技术分析

皮革含铬废水主要来自于铬鞣、复鞣等工序。在这些工艺中,铬的利用率较低,而且铬本身具有毒性,因此加强废水处理并回收铬资源十分必要。皮革含铬废水回收和利用的方法很多,本文主要介绍了皮革含铬废水处理的常用方法以及近年来兴起的新工艺技术,分析了各类技术中的优缺点和存在的问题,并探讨了铬资源的回收再利用问题。     

固体氧化物电池氧离子电解质研究进展

固体氧化物电池(SOCs)作为一种绿色、高效的全固态能量转换装置,既能在燃料电池模式下将氢、碳、烃、醇等燃料的化学能转化为电能,又能在电解池模式下分解水制氢,在缓解全球能源危机、实现碳中和等方面具有重要意义。然而,SOCs常用的Y₂O₃稳定的ZrO₂(YSZ)电解质材料在1 000 ℃以上才具有较高的离子电导率,但过高的工作温度会提高运行成本,限制材料选择,并降低系统稳定性。因此,降低工作温度一直是SOCs发展的核心问题之一,开发高电导率电解质材料和降低电解质膜厚度是实现SOCs中低温化应用的主要路径。本文从材料开发和薄膜制造两方面对中低温SOCs各类氧离子电解质的研究进展进行梳理,针对ZrO₂、CeO₂、Bi₂O₃及LaGaO₃基固体电解质,系统阐述了异价离子掺杂对提升氧离子电导率和稳定相结构的作用机制,介绍了电解质薄膜的制备技术和导电性能,为发展高性能固体氧化物电池电解质材料提供参考依据。